{"id":2577,"date":"2025-12-26T16:55:55","date_gmt":"2025-12-26T13:55:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/?p=2577"},"modified":"2026-09-17T21:56:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T18:56:13","slug":"insan-uzerinde-deney-sucu-tck-90-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/insan-uzerinde-deney-sucu-tck-90-nedir\/","title":{"rendered":"What is the Crime of Conducting Experiments on Humans (TCK Art. 90)?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Ba\u015fl\u0131klar<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/insan-uzerinde-deney-sucu-tck-90-nedir\/#Bilimsel_%E2%80%9CDeney%E2%80%9D_ile_%E2%80%9CTedavi_Amacli_Deneme%E2%80%9D_Arasindaki_Fark\" >The Difference Between a Scientific \u201cExperiment\u201d and a \u201cTherapeutic Trial\u201d<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/insan-uzerinde-deney-sucu-tck-90-nedir\/#Insan_Uzerinde_Deney_Yapmanin_Cezasi_Nedir\" >What is the Penalty for Conducting Experiments on Humans?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/insan-uzerinde-deney-sucu-tck-90-nedir\/#Deney_Sonucu_Yaralanma_veya_Olum_Olursa_Ne_Olur_TCK_905\" >What Happens if Injury or Death Results from the Experiment? (TCK Art. 90\/5)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/insan-uzerinde-deney-sucu-tck-90-nedir\/#Tuzel_Kisi_Faaliyeti_Kapsaminda_Islenirse_TCK_906\" >If Committed Within the Scope of Legal Entity Activities (TCK Art. 90\/6)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/insan-uzerinde-deney-sucu-tck-90-nedir\/#Uygulamada_Sik_Gorulen_Hukuki_Risk_Alanlari\" >Common Legal Risk Areas in Practice<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/insan-uzerinde-deney-sucu-tck-90-nedir\/#Sikca_Sorulan_Sorular_SSS\" >Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>crime of conducting experiments on humans<\/strong>, which is regulated under Article 90 of the Turkish Penal Code and&nbsp;<strong>is a penal norm that subjects the conduct of scientific experiments on a human being<\/strong>&nbsp;to specific rules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The fundamental approach here is as follows:- The human body and human dignity&nbsp;<strong>are under protection<\/strong>.- Even in the name of scientific progress, studies to be conducted on humans must&nbsp;<strong>meet ethical, legal, and medical safety<\/strong>&nbsp;requirements. In the absence of these conditions, the act&nbsp;<strong>may be deemed<\/strong>&nbsp;a crime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bilimsel_%E2%80%9CDeney%E2%80%9D_ile_%E2%80%9CTedavi_Amacli_Deneme%E2%80%9D_Arasindaki_Fark\"><\/span><strong>The Difference Between a Scientific \u201cExperiment\u201d and a \u201cTherapeutic Trial\u201d<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">TCK m.90 addresses two distinct situations:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Therapeutic experimentation (on a patient)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The purpose is to provide the patient with\u00a0<strong>to provide therapeutic benefit<\/strong>\u00a0may occur.- On the patient\u00a0<strong>without consent<\/strong>\u00a0conducting experiments is additionally a crime (Art. 90\/4).- However, under certain conditions, consent-based experiments \"in compliance with scientific methods\" may not be penalized.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Insan_Uzerinde_Deney_Yapmanin_Cezasi_Nedir\"><\/span><strong>What is the Penalty for Conducting Experiments on Humans?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>TCK Article 90\/1 Penalty<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A person who conducts scientific experiments on humans:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Imprisonment from 1 to 3 years<\/strong>\u00a0shall be punished.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This provision, before evaluating elements such as whether the experiment \"has ethics committee approval,\" \"has consent,\" or \"has caused harm,\"&nbsp;<strong>constitutes the basic offense type<\/strong>&nbsp;. Subsequently, Article 90\/2 regulates under which conditions criminal liability shall not arise in consent-based experiments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Deney_Sonucu_Yaralanma_veya_Olum_Olursa_Ne_Olur_TCK_905\"><\/span><strong>What Happens if Injury or Death Results from the Experiment? (TCK Art. 90\/5)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If, as a result of the commission of the offense under Article 90\/1, the victim:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>is injured<\/strong>\u00a0or<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>if dies<\/strong>,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">in this case&nbsp;<strong>intentional injury<\/strong>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<strong>intentional homicide<\/strong>&nbsp;provisions regarding the crimes shall apply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This regulation points to an evaluation logic of \"aggravated due to its consequence\" and significantly increases criminal liability risks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tuzel_Kisi_Faaliyeti_Kapsaminda_Islenirse_TCK_906\"><\/span><strong>If Committed Within the Scope of Legal Entity Activities (TCK Art. 90\/6)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the crime is committed within&nbsp;<strong>the scope of the activities of a legal entity<\/strong>&nbsp;, the following shall apply to the legal entity:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>security measures specific to them<\/strong>\u00a0may be imposed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This opens the door to \"corporate\" consequences (measures regarding activities, etc.) for companies, private hospitals, research institutions, and sponsors.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Uygulamada_Sik_Gorulen_Hukuki_Risk_Alanlari\"><\/span><strong>Common Legal Risk Areas in Practice<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>H3 \u2014 Informed Consent is Not \"Just a Signature\"<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Judicial approach (especially in medical interventions) also requires the&nbsp;<strong>disclosure and consent<\/strong>&nbsp;process to function properly. This is not merely signing a form; it is the individual's ability to truly understand what they are consenting to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>H3 \u2014 Ethics Committee and Authorization Processes are Substantive, Not \"Formal\"<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In most cases, the ethics committee\/approval mechanism is treated not merely as a procedure, but directly as a&nbsp;<strong>condition for compliance with the law<\/strong>&nbsp;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>H3 \u2014 Distinction Between Payment\/Incentive and Expense\/Compensation<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">While \"expenses and compensation for loss of earnings\" are permissible under certain regulations, \"inducements\/rewards\" are prohibited. If this distinction is not properly established, there is a risk that consent may be deemed \"contingent upon benefit.\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sikca_Sorulan_Sorular_SSS\"><\/span><strong>Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1) What is the crime of conducting experiments on humans?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>crime of conducting experiments on humans<\/strong>, under Article 90 of the TCK, is the provision that criminalizes conducting scientific experiments on humans. Even consent-based experiments may only preclude criminal liability if the statutory conditions are met.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2) Does the existence of written consent always preclude criminal liability?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No.&nbsp;<strong>Written consent alone is insufficient.<\/strong>&nbsp;Conditions such as ethics committee approval, scientific necessity, prohibition of risk\/permanent damage, conformity with human dignity, and prohibition of benefits must also be fulfilled.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3) Are experiments on children strictly prohibited?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">They are not strictly prohibited; however,&nbsp;<strong>to much stricter conditions<\/strong>&nbsp;is subject to. Additional conditions are required, such as the child's consent (if capable of giving consent) + written consent of the parents\/guardian, and a child expert on the board.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4) Can a \"last resort\" trial be performed on the patient?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pursuant to Article 90\/4 of the TCK; if it is understood that known methods will not yield results, therapeutic trials conducted in a hospital by a specialist physician, based on consent and in compliance with scientific methods, may not entail criminal liability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>5) What happens if the person suffers harm during the experiment?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As a result of the experiment&nbsp;<strong>injury or death<\/strong>&nbsp;occurs, pursuant to Article 90\/5 of the TCK&nbsp;<strong>intentional injury\/homicide<\/strong>&nbsp;provisions may apply. This may aggravate the sanction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Atty. Bat\u0131n YILMAZ<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130nsan \u00fczerinde deney su\u00e7u, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanunu m.90 kapsam\u0131nda d\u00fczenlenen ve&nbsp;bir insan \u00fczerinde bilimsel deney yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131&nbsp;belirli kurallara ba\u011flayan ceza normudur. Buradaki temel yakla\u015f\u0131m \u015fudur:- \u0130nsan v\u00fccudu ve insan onuru&nbsp;koruma alt\u0131ndad\u0131r.- Bilimsel ilerleme ad\u0131na dahi olsa, insan \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lacak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n&nbsp;etik, hukuki ve t\u0131bbi g\u00fcvenlik&nbsp;\u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekir. Bu \u015fartlar yoksa, fiil&nbsp;su\u00e7&nbsp;olarak de\u011ferlendirilebilir. Bilimsel \u201cDeney\u201d ile \u201cTedavi Ama\u00e7l\u0131 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2578,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[333,334],"class_list":["post-2577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-genel","tag-insan-uzerinde-deney-sucu","tag-insan-uzerinde-deney-yapmanin-cezasi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2577","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2577"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2577\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2579,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2577\/revisions\/2579"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2578"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2577"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2577"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2577"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}