{"id":1223,"date":"2025-10-17T12:00:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-17T09:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/?p=1223"},"modified":"2026-09-03T17:20:13","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T14:20:13","slug":"forex-dolandiriciligi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/","title":{"rendered":"Forex Fraud via Social Media: Criminal Liability Under TCK Art. 158"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Ba\u015fl\u0131klar<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Hukuki_Nitelendirme_Basit_mi_Nitelikli_Dolandiricilik_mi\" >Legal Qualification: Simple or Qualified Fraud?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Usul_Hukuku_Sorusturma_Gorev_ve_Dava_Zamanasimi\" >Procedural Law: Investigation, Jurisdiction, and Statute of Limitations<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Sorusturma_Makami_ve_Ilk_Basvuru\" >Investigative Authority and Initial Application<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Gorevli_ve_Yetkili_Mahkeme\" >Competent and Authorized Court<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Sikayet_Suresi_ve_Dava_Zamanasimi\" >Filing Period and Statute of Limitations<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Talep_Kalemleri_Ceza_ve_Tazminat\" >Claim Items: Penalty and Compensation<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#1_Ceza_Sorusturmasi_ve_Kamu_Davasi\" >1. Criminal Investigation and Public Prosecution<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#2_Maddi_Zararin_Geri_Alinmasi_Hukuk_Davasi\" >2. Recovery of Pecuniary Loss (Civil Lawsuit)<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#3_Izinsiz_Sermaye_Piyasasi_Faaliyeti_Idari_Para_Cezasi\" >3. Unauthorized Capital Market Activity (Administrative Fine)<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Yargitay_Ictihadi_Emsal_Kararlar\" >Yarg\u0131tay Jurisprudence: Precedent Decisions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Delil_Degerlendirmesi_ve_Kanitlama\" >Evaluation of Evidence and Burden of Proof<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#HekiminSavcinin_Perspektifi_Mahkumiyet_icin_Gereken_Delil\" >Perspective of the Judge\/Prosecutor: Evidence Required for Conviction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Sorusturma_ve_Dava_Stratejisi\" >Investigation and Litigation Strategy<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#1_Hizli_Delil_Koruma\" >1. Rapid Preservation of Evidence<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#2_Kronolojik_Anlatim\" >2. Chronological Narrative<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#3_Suc_Vasfini_Alternatifli_Kurma\" >3. Establishing Alternative Offense Qualifications<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#4_Arastirma_Taleplerini_Somutlastirma\" >4. Substantiating Investigative Requests<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#5_Ceza_ve_Tazminat_Yolunu_Ayirma\" >5. Separation of Criminal and Compensation Remedies<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#6_Mahkumiyet_Sonrasi_Yaptirimlar\" >6. Post-Conviction Sanctions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Sik_Sorulan_Sorular\" >Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#1_Sosyal_Medyada_Forex_Vaadi_Alan_Kisi_Kac_Yil_Icinde_Dava_Acabilir\" >1. Within How Many Years Can a Person Who Received Forex Promises on Social Media File a Lawsuit?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#2_Paranin_Bir_Kismini_Geri_Aldigini_Soylesem_Dava_Yapamaz_miyim\" >2. Can I Not File a Lawsuit if I State That I Recovered Part of the Money?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#3_Sahte_Yatirim_Sitesinin_Sunucu_Baska_Ulkede_Olsa_Dava_Yapilabilir_mi\" >3. Can a Lawsuit Be Filed If the Server of the Fake Investment Site Is in Another Country?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#4_Eger_Mahkum_Edilirse_Para_Iade_Edilir_mi\" >4. If Convicted, Will the Money Be Refunded?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#5_WhatsApp_Konusmalarini_Delil_Olarak_Sunabilir_miyim\" >Can I Submit WhatsApp Conversations as Evidence?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Sonuc\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Hakkimiz_%E2%80%93_Iletisim_Bilgileri\" >About Us &#8211; Contact Information<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/forex-dolandiriciligi\/#Av_Batin_YILMAZ\" >Atty. Bat\u0131n YILMAZ<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In Istanbul and across Turkey, money is obtained on social media platforms (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter), instant messaging applications (WhatsApp, Telegram), or fake investment sites through promises such as \"forex investment\", \"guaranteed return\", \"expert signal\", and \"high earnings in a short time\". Such transactions lead the victim to send money as a result of being deceived by fraudulent behavior regarding investment activities, licenses, expertise, earnings, and withdrawal opportunities that do not actually exist or are presented contrary to the truth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/hizmet\/beylikduzu-ceza-avukati\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Criminal liability in Forex fraud cases<\/a>, depending on the specifics of the incident, is evaluated within the scope of Turkish Penal Code (TCK) art. 157 (simple fraud), art. 158\/1-f (qualified fraud &#8211; use of informatics systems and bank accounts), and art. 158\/1-l (qualified fraud &#8211; impersonating an institutional employee). This article will examine in detail the boundaries of criminal liability, evidence evaluation, Yarg\u0131tay practice, and investigation strategy in forex frauds committed via social media and digital payment channels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hukuki_Nitelendirme_Basit_mi_Nitelikli_Dolandiricilik_mi\"><\/span>Legal Qualification: Simple or Qualified Fraud?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The criminal law characterization of acquiring funds through the promise of forex investment via social media depends on the presence of the following elements:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Crime Type<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Legal Basis<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Required Elements<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Sanction<\/th><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Simple Fraud<\/strong><\/td><td>TCK art. 157<\/td><td>Deception, trickery, loss, benefit; informatics system use may not be present<\/td><td>2 to 5 years imprisonment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Qualified Fraud (Informatics System)<\/strong><\/td><td>TCK art. 158\/1-f<\/td><td>Use of informatics systems (internet, fake website, mobile application) as an instrument of fraud; acquisition of funds via bank account or crypto wallet<\/td><td>3 to 8 years of imprisonment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Qualified Fraud (Institutional Appearance)<\/strong><\/td><td>TCK art. 158\/1-l<\/td><td>Misrepresenting the suspect as an employee of a bank, investment firm, or brokerage house, or creating the impression of an affiliation with such institutions<\/td><td>3 to 8 years of imprisonment<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong>Acting Together or Within the Framework of an Organization<\/strong><\/td><td>TCK art. 158\/3<\/td><td>Multiple victims, coordinated social media accounts, shared bank accounts, call center structure<\/td><td>Additional penalty<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Critical Distinction:<\/strong>&nbsp;Not every forex loss constitutes fraud within the meaning of criminal law. Criminal liability may not arise in cases where the investment was genuinely made, losses occurred due to market risk, promises did not involve fraudulent claims of guaranteed returns, or it cannot be demonstrated that the suspect had the intent to deceive from the outset. The investigative authority and the court must carefully examine the element of deception in the specific case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Usul_Hukuku_Sorusturma_Gorev_ve_Dava_Zamanasimi\"><\/span>Procedural Law: Investigation, Jurisdiction, and Statute of Limitations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sorusturma_Makami_ve_Ilk_Basvuru\"><\/span>Investigative Authority and Initial Application<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Victims subjected to forex fraud may file an application through the following channels:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Criminal complaint to the Chief Public Prosecutor's Office<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; If the victim is in Istanbul, to the Istanbul Chief Public Prosecutor's Office,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Application to a police or gendarmerie unit<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; All units must accept the criminal complaint,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Direct electronic application to the Prosecutor's Office<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; Through the online portal systems of the higher prosecutor's office.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Investigation regarding qualified fraud&nbsp;<strong>is conducted ex officio<\/strong>; however, the victim's application is of great importance for initiating the investigation and substantiating the evidence. In their application, the victim should provide chronological information, screenshots, bank receipts, and messaging records to the greatest extent possible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Gorevli_ve_Yetkili_Mahkeme\"><\/span>Competent and Authorized Court<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">During the prosecution stage, considering the nature of the sanction stipulated in Article 158 of the TCK, the competent court as a rule&nbsp;<strong>High Criminal Court<\/strong>&nbsp;shall be. Regarding jurisdiction, the following matters are important:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The place where the crime was committed (the place where the victim is located, the places where the money transfer was made),<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>In digital transactions, IP logs, hosting city, known address of the suspect,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The place where bank accounts are processed,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The information of the victim and the suspect must be clearly stated in the petition of complaint.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Since it may be difficult to determine a single physical location in digital crimes, the petition of complaint must explicitly explain the victim's location, the place where the money transfer was made, the bank accounts used, IP\/line information, and the known addresses of the suspects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sikayet_Suresi_ve_Dava_Zamanasimi\"><\/span>Filing Period and Statute of Limitations<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qualified fraud is not an offense subject to&nbsp;<strong>complaint<\/strong>. Therefore, the victim missing the six-month complaint period under TCK art. 73 does not, as a rule, prevent a public investigation. However, delay creates serious de facto risks regarding the deletion of digital data, the weakening of the track of account activities, the change of line subscription information, and the identification of suspects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Based on the upper limit of the imprisonment penalty under TCK art. 158 (8 years),&nbsp;<strong>the statute of limitations is evaluated as fifteen years<\/strong>&nbsp;within the scope of TCK art. 66\/1-d. The period is calculated from the date the benefit is obtained in a completed crime; in the allegation of a chain crime, from the last transfer or the last fraudulent act. Since the payment dates are not known in the specific case, each transfer and the date of the last fraudulent transaction must be evaluated separately.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Talep_Kalemleri_Ceza_ve_Tazminat\"><\/span>Claim Items: Penalty and Compensation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Ceza_Sorusturmasi_ve_Kamu_Davasi\"><\/span>1. Criminal Investigation and Public Prosecution<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Legal Basis:<\/strong>&nbsp;TCK Art. 157, Art. 158\/1-f, Art. 158\/1-l, and depending on the specific case, Art. 158\/3; provisions of the CMK (Code of Criminal Procedure).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Standard of Proof:<\/strong>&nbsp;Concrete data giving rise to suspicion that a crime has been committed is required during the investigation stage, whereas conclusive and convincing evidence beyond a reasonable doubt is required for conviction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/hizmet\/beylikduzu-ceza-avukati\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In the petition to be submitted by the criminal defense lawyer<\/a>, the victim's fraudulent acts, the suspect's intent, the money flow, and the chain of custody of the evidence must be demonstrated concretely. Otherwise, the investigation may conclude with a decision of non-prosecution.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Maddi_Zararin_Geri_Alinmasi_Hukuk_Davasi\"><\/span>2. Recovery of Pecuniary Loss (Civil Lawsuit)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A criminal conviction does not automatically ensure the refund of money. Depending on the nature of the incident, the victim may also file a claim in the civil court based on tort or unjust enrichment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Calculation:<\/strong>&nbsp;Total amounts sent, refunded amounts (if any), transfer fees, and other provable direct damages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Interest:<\/strong>&nbsp;In cases recognized as torts, the commencement date and type of interest must be determined based on the specific case and the legal basis of the claim.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Izinsiz_Sermaye_Piyasasi_Faaliyeti_Idari_Para_Cezasi\"><\/span>3. Unauthorized Capital Market Activity (Administrative Fine)<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In terms of individuals or entities that present themselves as investment firms but lack the required authorization, unauthorized capital market activities must also be investigated pursuant to Article 109\/2 of the Capital Market Law.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Yargitay_Ictihadi_Emsal_Kararlar\"><\/span>Yarg\u0131tay Jurisprudence: Precedent Decisions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ruling<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Incident and Legal Issue<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">General Principle<\/th><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation 11th Criminal Chamber, E. 2025\/2539, K. 2025\/7914, D. 25.06.2025<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Accepting money on various dates under the guise of Forex transactions and promises of earnings; demanding additional payments under the pretext of losses\/negative balance<\/td><td>Acknowledgment that fraudulent financial gain was obtained by creating the appearance of investments through the company and digital instruments; the conviction has been upheld<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation 11th Criminal Chamber, E. 2023\/4771, K. 2024\/7389, D. 03.06.2024<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Investment promises via WhatsApp following the sharing of earnings receipts and photos on Instagram&#8217;s; demanding additional money under the pretext of taxes<\/td><td>The necessity of jointly investigating social media content, money transfers, and communication data; reversal of the decision rendered upon an inadequate investigation<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">General Assembly of Criminal Chambers of the Court of Cassation, E. 2020\/394, K. 2022\/122, D. 24.02.2022<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>A pre-existing debtor-creditor relationship and subsequent allegations of fraud<\/td><td>The causal link between the fraudulent conduct and the damage must be proven, specifically that the fraud existed prior to or at the time of the disposition of assets<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation 11th Criminal Chamber, E. 2021\/39567, K. 2025\/3998, D. 08.04.2025<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Claims of guaranteed stock market returns and computer program sales via Twitter<\/td><td>A thorough assessment must be made regarding qualified fraud committed by means of information systems.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation 2nd Criminal Chamber, E. 2025\/4872, K. 2025\/12513, D. 30.06.2025<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Acquisition of information through a fake bank interface and money transfer without the victim's knowledge<\/td><td>If human free will has not been directed through deception, it constitutes theft via information systems rather than fraud.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key Principles Derived from the Rulings:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>A fake earnings screen or social media post alone is not sufficient;<\/strong>\u00a0however, together with promises, correspondence, money transfers, account ownership, withdrawal restrictions, and additional payment requests, it may form a strong chain of evidence.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The initial intent must be investigated.<\/strong>\u00a0Was a genuine investment planned when the money was received, or was the appearance of an investment merely a tool designed from the outset to obtain funds?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Each transfer carries separate significance.<\/strong>\u00a0The initial investment, additional payments requested under the pretext of \"tax\/commission\/lifting the freeze,\" and the rejection of withdrawal requests must be demonstrated in chronological order.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>The mere use of a digital medium is not sufficient.<\/strong>\u00a0The informatics system must have been used as a tool to fraudulently influence the victim's will.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Decisions of non-prosecution cannot be rendered with an incomplete investigation.<\/strong>\u00a0The suspect's statements, bank account activities, messaging data, and account connections must be investigated.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Delil_Degerlendirmesi_ve_Kanitlama\"><\/span>Evaluation of Evidence and Burden of Proof<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Fact to be Proven<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Principal Evidence<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Practice Note<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>Portrayal of the suspect as an investment specialist<\/td><td>Social media profile screenshots, fake identification card, bank employee badge<\/td><td>Username, profile link, access date, and screen recording must be submitted<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Promise of high returns and misrepresentation of facts<\/td><td>WhatsApp\/Telegram chats, audio recordings, video calls<\/td><td>The entire chat must be submitted with date-time information and in the chronological order of the fraudulent acts.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Money remitting and transfer chain<\/td><td>Bank receipts, wire transfer slips, crypto wallet transfer records<\/td><td>Each receipt must be entered into the chronology table, and the IBAN and recipient information must be clearly visible<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Fake investment panel and profit displays<\/td><td>Website URL&#8217;si, screenshots, screen recording, login credentials<\/td><td>Must be supported by the URL, access time, user account, and screen recording<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Withdrawal restriction and additional payment request<\/td><td>Rejection messages, explanations regarding &#8220;tax&#8221;, &#8220;commission&#8221;, and &#8220;removal of block&#8221;<\/td><td>It is critical that these messages are presented with their date, source, and in chronological order<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>That the suspect is not an authorized institution<\/td><td>Capital Markets Board of Turkey license research, authorization status<\/td><td>Must be verified with the records of authorized institutions<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Multiple victims and shared structure<\/td><td>Complaints of other victims, identical accounts, coordinated social media<\/td><td>The possibility of complicity or organized crime must be investigated<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Principle of Substantiation:<\/strong>&nbsp;The following five questions must be answered in every narrative of events:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>When?<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; Date of the initial advertisement\/message, each transfer date, and dates of additional payment requests<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Where or on which digital platform?<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; Instagram, WhatsApp, Telegram, fake website URL&#8217;s<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>By whom?<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; Username, phone number, and bank account holder of the suspect<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>With what statement or transaction?<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; &#8220;Guaranteed X percent return&#8221;, &#8220;tax\/commission payment&#8221;, &#8220;unblocking&#8221;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>As a result of this, what payment was made and how did the loss occur?<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211; Transfer amounts, non-refundable funds, and rejection of withdrawal requests<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"HekiminSavcinin_Perspektifi_Mahkumiyet_icin_Gereken_Delil\"><\/span>Perspective of the Judge\/Prosecutor: Evidence Required for Conviction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The main issue that must be proven to the judge or investigation authority is not simply the fact that the &#8220;victim lost money&#8221;; rather, it is that the funds were obtained through a fraudulent scheme, without any genuine investment intent from the outset or under the guise of a false investment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Key headings to be emphasized:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>How initial contact was established and how the suspect introduced themselves,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The content of the profit promise and whether it is unrealistic,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Upon which fraudulent statement the victim made their initial transfer,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How the money flow progressed among suspicious companies, third parties, or crypto wallets,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whether there is an auditable order, custody account, or investment record regarding the actual market transaction,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The reasons why funds could not be withdrawn and why additional payments were continuously requested,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Whether there are multiple victims, joint accounts, or coordinated social media activities.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Vulnerabilities to Avoid:<\/strong>&nbsp;A mere abstract statement such as &#8220;I sent money and could not get it back&#8221; makes it difficult to distinguish the matter from a private law dispute or a failed investment. The lawsuit&nbsp;<strong>initial contact, initial promise, initial transfer, request for additional payment, and withdrawal refusal<\/strong>&nbsp;you must substantiate with its chronology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sorusturma_ve_Dava_Stratejisi\"><\/span>Investigation and Litigation Strategy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Hizli_Delil_Koruma\"><\/span>1. Rapid Preservation of Evidence<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Messages, profile links, voice recordings, bank receipts, screen recordings, and the payment chain must be preserved before they are deleted. Immediately after filing the application, the victim must back up crucial data and compare the versions submitted to the prosecutor's office with the original copies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Kronolojik_Anlatim\"><\/span>2. Chronological Narrative<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The initial advertisement\/message, initial promise, each transfer, each request for additional payment, withdrawal request, and refusal grounds must be written in chronological order. This list enables the prosecutor to see every action taken in furtherance of the crime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Suc_Vasfini_Alternatifli_Kurma\"><\/span>3. Establishing Alternative Offense Qualifications<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the application, TCK m.158\/1-f (informatics system); and depending on the specific case, m.158\/1-l (impersonating an institution), m.158\/3 (complicity\/organization), and Law No. 6362 m.109\/2 (unauthorized activity) must be set forth as alternatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Arastirma_Taleplerini_Somutlastirma\"><\/span>4. Substantiating Investigative Requests<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Instead of &#8220;All digital records should be investigated&#8221;, it must be clearly stated which IBAN, which telephone number, which username, which domain name, and which dates should be investigated.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/hizmet\/beylikduzu-ceza-avukati\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An application filed by a criminal defense attorney<\/a>, points out the concrete method of investigation to the prosecutor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_Ceza_ve_Tazminat_Yolunu_Ayirma\"><\/span>5. Separation of Criminal and Compensation Remedies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It must be explained that the criminal investigation may be the subject of a public lawsuit, while the restitution claim may be subject to separate civil court applications. A criminal conviction does not automatically ensure the refund of money.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"6_Mahkumiyet_Sonrasi_Yaptirimlar\"><\/span>6. Post-Conviction Sanctions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/acik-cezaevi-infaz-sureci\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The open prison execution process<\/a>&nbsp;and sentence reduction opportunities must be known by the victim. Depending on the sentence execution status of the suspect convicted of qualified fraud, separate legal consequences may arise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sik_Sorulan_Sorular\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"1_Sosyal_Medyada_Forex_Vaadi_Alan_Kisi_Kac_Yil_Icinde_Dava_Acabilir\"><\/span>1. Within How Many Years Can a Person Who Received Forex Promises on Social Media File a Lawsuit?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Qualified fraud is not subject to a complaint; the victim can request an investigation at any time. However, prompt application is important due to the risk of digital data deletion. Nevertheless, the statute of limitations for filing a lawsuit is 15 years.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"2_Paranin_Bir_Kismini_Geri_Aldigini_Soylesem_Dava_Yapamaz_miyim\"><\/span>2. Can I Not File a Lawsuit if I State That I Recovered Part of the Money?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No. Partial repayment does not eliminate the existence of the fraudulent investment scheme. In fact, receiving additional money following the promise that &#8220;all the money can be withdrawn if a tax payment is made&#8221; constitutes a continuation of the crime.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"3_Sahte_Yatirim_Sitesinin_Sunucu_Baska_Ulkede_Olsa_Dava_Yapilabilir_mi\"><\/span>3. Can a Lawsuit Be Filed If the Server of the Fake Investment Site Is in Another Country?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. If the victim is in Turkey, the crime is considered to have been committed in Turkey. The identification of the suspect and international cooperation are separate matters; an investigation can be initiated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"4_Eger_Mahkum_Edilirse_Para_Iade_Edilir_mi\"><\/span>4. If Convicted, Will the Money Be Refunded?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A criminal conviction does not automatically result in a restitution order. The victim must also file a compensation lawsuit in a civil court or submit a compensation claim within the criminal proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"5_WhatsApp_Konusmalarini_Delil_Olarak_Sunabilir_miyim\"><\/span>Can I Submit WhatsApp Conversations as Evidence?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Yes. However, the entire conversation must be submitted with date and time information, preserving its integrity rather than as selective screenshots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sonuc\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Forex fraud via social media is a type of crime that has increased with the advancement of technology and is frequently committed by organized structures. The victim filing an application with concrete evidence, the investigative authority conducting thorough research, and the court correctly applying the jurisprudence of the Court of Cassation (Yarg\u0131tay) can make it possible to secure a conviction and recover the funds.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, not every forex loss constitutes fraud. It is essential to prove fraud, deception, initial intent, and the money flow through a strict chain of evidence.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/hizmet\/beylikduzu-ceza-avukati\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Criminal defense consultant<\/a>&nbsp;coordinated applications ensure the effective protection of the victim's rights.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hakkimiz_%E2%80%93_Iletisim_Bilgileri\"><\/span>About Us &#8211; Contact Information<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Av_Batin_YILMAZ\"><\/span>Atty. Bat\u0131n YILMAZ<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bar Association Information:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Istanbul Bar Association No. 1:\u00a0<strong>77008<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Union of Turkish Bar Associations:\u00a0<strong>187392<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Address:<\/strong><br>Yakuplu Mahallesi, H\u00fcrriyet Bulvar\u0131 Skyport Residence Kat:12 No:133<br>Beylikd\u00fcz\u00fc, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Contact:<\/strong><br>\ud83d\udcde&nbsp;<strong>Telephone:<\/strong>&nbsp;0 532 669 34 90<br>\ud83d\udcde&nbsp;<strong>Alternative Phone:<\/strong>&nbsp;0 532 732 34 90<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0130stanbul&#8217;da ve T\u00fcrkiye genelinde sosyal medya platformlar\u0131nda (Instagram, Facebook, Twitter), anl\u0131k mesajla\u015fma uygulamalar\u0131nda (WhatsApp, Telegram) veya sahte yat\u0131r\u0131m sitelerinde &#8220;forex yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131&#8221;, &#8220;garantili getiri&#8221;, &#8220;uzman sinyal&#8221;, &#8220;k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede y\u00fcksek kazan\u00e7&#8221; gibi vaatlerle para al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bu t\u00fcr i\u015flemler, ma\u011fdurun ger\u00e7ekte bulunmayan veya ger\u00e7e\u011fe ayk\u0131r\u0131 bi\u00e7imde sunulan yat\u0131r\u0131m faaliyeti, lisans, uzmanl\u0131k, kazan\u00e7 ve para \u00e7ekme imk\u00e2n\u0131 hakk\u0131nda hileli [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2202,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1223","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ceza-hukuku"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1223","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1223"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1223\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3145,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1223\/revisions\/3145"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2202"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1223"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1223"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1223"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}