{"id":1130,"date":"2024-08-26T12:21:35","date_gmt":"2024-08-26T09:21:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/?p=1130"},"modified":"2026-09-02T23:18:30","modified_gmt":"2026-09-02T20:18:30","slug":"senet-nedir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/","title":{"rendered":"WHAT IS A PROMISSORY NOTE? HOW IS A PROMISSORY NOTE ISSUED?"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_88 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Ba\u015fl\u0131klar<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Senet_Nedir_Senet_Nasil_Duzenlenir_Bono_Duzenleme_Rehberi\" >What is a Promissory Note? How to Draft a Promissory Note? Bono Drafting Guide<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Tediye_Tarihi_Nedir\" >What is the Payment Date?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Senet_Bono_ve_Adi_Yazili_Belge_Arasindaki_Fark\" >The Difference Between a Promissory Note (Bono), Bill of Exchange, and Simple Written Document<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Bono_Nasil_Duzenlenir\" >How to Draft a Bono?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Bonoda_Bulunmasi_Gereken_Unsurlar\" >Mandatory Elements of a Bono<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Kayitsiz_ve_Sartsiz_Odeme_Vaadi_Ne_Demektir\" >What Does an Unconditional Promise to Pay Mean?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Bedel_Nasil_Yazilmalidir\" >How Should the Amount Be Written?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Lehtar_Kimdir\" >Who is the Payee (Lehtar)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Duzenleme_Tarihi_ve_Duzenleme_Yeri\" >Date of Issuance and Place of Issuance<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Imza_Neden_En_Kritik_Unsurdur\" >Why is the Signature the Most Critical Element?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Tediye_Tarihi_Vade_Nedir\" >What is the Payment Date (Maturity)?_<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Odeme_Yeri_Yazilmayan_Senet_Gecersiz_Olur_mu\" >Is a Promissory Note Without a Place of Payment Invalid?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Yargitay_Ictihadi_%E2%80%93_Emsal_Kararlar\" >Supreme Court Case Law &#8211; Precedent Decisions<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-14\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Delil_Degerlendirmesi_ve_Eslestirme\" >Evidence Assessment and Matching<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-15\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Karsi_Tarafin_Muhtemel_Savunmalari_ve_Karsi_Stratejiler\" >Anticipated Defenses of the Opposing Party and Counter-Strategies<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-16\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#%E2%80%9CSenet_Teminat_Amaciyla_Verilmisti%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;The Promissory Note Was Given for Security Purposes&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-17\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#%E2%80%9CSenet_Bedelsiz_Kaldi%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;The Promissory Note Became Without Consideration&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-18\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#%E2%80%9CSenet_Sonradan_Dolduruldu%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;The Promissory Note Was Filled Out Later&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-19\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#%E2%80%9CVade_Yok_Bu_Nedenle_Senet_Gecersiz%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;No Due Date, Therefore the Promissory Note is Invalid&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-20\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#%E2%80%9CSenette_Odeme_Yeri_Yok_Bono_Gecersiz%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;No Place of Payment on the Promissory Note, the Note is Invalid&#8221;<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-21\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#%E2%80%9CDuzenleme_Yeri_Yok_Senet_Gecersiz%E2%80%9D\" >&#8220;No Place of Issue, the Promissory Note is Invalid&#8221;<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-22\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Sik_Sorulan_Sorular\" >Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-23\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Bos_senete_imza_atilip_sonradan_doldurulursa_ne_olur\" >What happens if a blank promissory note is signed and filled in later?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-24\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Senet_bedeli_rakamla_1000_TL_yaziyla_%E2%80%9Cbes_yuz_lira%E2%80%9D_yazili_ise_hangisi_gecerlidir\" >If the amount on a promissory note is written as 1,000 TL in figures and &#8220;five hundred liras&#8221; in words, which one prevails?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-25\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Senetimde_%E2%80%9Cemre%E2%80%9D_yazisi_yoksa_gecerli_midir\" >Is my promissory note valid if it does not contain the word &#8220;to the order of&#8221; (emre)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-26\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Senet_geri_alinmamissa_odeme_yapilmis_sayilir_mi\" >Is a payment deemed to have been made if the promissory note is not retrieved?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-27\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Senette_birden_cok_lehtar_yaziliysa_ne_olur\" >What happens if multiple payees are written on a promissory note?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-28\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Senetin_fotokopisi_gecerli_midir\" >Is a photocopy of a promissory note valid?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-29\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Elektronik_olarak_duzenlenen_senet_gecerli_midir\" >Is an electronically issued promissory note valid?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-30\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Senedin_temel_iliskisi_ortadan_kalkarsa_bono_da_ortadan_kalkar_mi\" >Does the promissory note cease to exist if the underlying relationship of the note is terminated?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-31\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Senet_odeme_kosulunu_tasiyorsa_gecerli_midir\" >Is a promissory note valid if it contains a condition of payment?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-32\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Yargitay_aciga_imza_atanlara_karsi_nasil_karar_vermistir\" >How has the Yarg\u0131tay ruled against those who sign in blank?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-33\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Sonuc\" >Conclusion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-34\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Hakkimiz_%E2%80%93_Iletisim_Bilgileri\" >About Us &#8211; Contact Information<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-35\" href=\"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/senet-nedir\/#Av_Batin_YILMAZ\" >Atty. Bat\u0131n YILMAZ<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Senet_Nedir_Senet_Nasil_Duzenlenir_Bono_Duzenleme_Rehberi\"><\/span>What is a Promissory Note? How to Draft a Promissory Note? Bono Drafting Guide<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In its broadest sense, a promissory note (senet) is a written document serving to prove the existence of a debt, payment, delivery, or legal transaction. In everyday life, however, a &#8220;senet&#8221; is most frequently understood to mean a bono (promissory note), otherwise known as a note to order. A bono is a negotiable instrument containing the issuer's unconditional promise to pay a specific sum to a designated person or to their order, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under the Turkish Commercial Code,<\/a>&nbsp;it is a negotiable instrument subject to strict formal requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The mere fact that a document is signed does not mean that it qualifies as a negotiable instrument in all circumstances. A promissory note intended to be issued as a bono must contain the mandatory elements prescribed by law. A document lacking these mandatory elements may not provide the execution proceedings specific to negotiable instruments; however, it may still carry separate legal value as a document proving the underlying debt relationship or an ordinary written acknowledgment of debt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tediye_Tarihi_Nedir\"><\/span><strong>What is the Payment Date?<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The phrase &#8221; tediye tarihi &#8221; (payment date) appears on the front of the negotiable instrument, and differing opinions and issues exist regarding which date this phrase refers to. First and foremost, it must be stated that the payment date and the maturity date are not the same.&nbsp; There are case files in which the 12th Civil Chamber of the Yarg\u0131tay, which has jurisdiction over disputes arising from checks, promissory notes, and bills of exchange, has interpreted the payment date as both the maturity date and the issuance date in decisions rendered on various dates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The 12th Civil Chamber of the Yarg\u0131tay,<\/strong> in its decision dated January 20, 2016, <strong>with E. 2015\/30959, K. 2016\/1537<\/strong>In its decision numbered ..., it has accepted the payment date as the maturity date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>The 12th Civil Chamber of the Yarg\u0131tay,<\/strong> rendered on 27.4.2010 <strong>E. 2009\/29449, K. 2010\/10515<\/strong> In its decision numbered ..., it has accepted the payment date as the issue date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this reason, if the promissory note to be drafted contains the term \"payment\" (tediye), this section should either be left blank (a line drawn through it) or the payment section should be crossed out and replaced with the maturity date or issue date to specify the relevant date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Senet_Bono_ve_Adi_Yazili_Belge_Arasindaki_Fark\"><\/span>The Difference Between a Promissory Note (Bono), Bill of Exchange, and Simple Written Document<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The concept of a promissory note (senet) can be used in two different senses in legal practice. In its first sense, a note is a written document proving an event, debt, or legal transaction. In its second and commonly applied sense, a note refers to a promissory note (bono) as a negotiable instrument. A promissory note is not merely an acknowledgment of debt.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Under the Turkish Commercial Code,<\/a>&nbsp;provided that it bears the formal requirements stipulated by law, it is a negotiable instrument that grants the creditor the opportunity to initiate execution proceedings through the special procedure for negotiable instruments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The loss of a document's character as a promissory note does not mean that the debt is eliminated in every case. The document may continue to be evaluated in terms of the underlying contractual relationship, delivery of goods, loan relationship, or another debt relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Document Type<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Primary Function<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Formal Requirement<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Eligibility for Enforcement of Negotiable Instruments<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>Private Document in Writing<\/td><td>Proving a debt or transaction<\/td><td>General rules of written form<\/td><td>As a rule, it is not directly sufficient<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Acknowledgement of Debt<\/td><td>Demonstrating that the debtor accepts the debt<\/td><td>It is crucial that the content is specific<\/td><td>Evaluated based on the nature of the document<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Promissory Note \/ Instrument to Order<\/td><td>Unconditional promise to pay a specific sum<\/td><td><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 776 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TTK)<\/a>&nbsp;mandatory elements within the scope of<\/td><td>If valid, execution proceedings specific to bills of exchange are possible.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Check<\/td><td>Payment order directed to the bank<\/td><td>Strict formal requirements specific to checks<\/td><td>It is a bill of exchange; it is not the same document as a promissory note<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bono_Nasil_Duzenlenir\"><\/span>How to Draft a Bono?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When drafting a promissory note, having only the term &#8220;note&#8221; on the document is not sufficient.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102, Art. 776<\/a>, regulates the mandatory elements that must be present in a promissory note.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A promissory note must contain the word &#8220;promissory note&#8221; or &#8220;order instrument&#8221; in its text; bear an unconditional and unqualified promise to pay a certain sum; and show the payee, issue date, place of issue, and the signature of the issuer. Maturity date and place of payment are also important; however, with respect to certain deficiencies,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pursuant to TCC Art. 777<\/a>&nbsp;statutory completion provisions may apply.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bonoda_Bulunmasi_Gereken_Unsurlar\"><\/span>Mandatory Elements of a Bono<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Mandatory\/Important Element<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Explanation<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Risk in Practice<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>The phrase \"promissory note\" or \"note to order\"<\/td><td>Must be included in the text of the document in the language in which it was drafted<\/td><td>The complete absence of this phrase may affect the negotiable instrument status<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Unconditional promise to pay<\/td><td>The debtor must undertake to pay the specified amount without introducing any conditions<\/td><td>Clauses such as \"I will pay if such and such event occurs\" may cause validity issues<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Specified sum<\/td><td>The monetary amount to be paid must be clearly indicated<\/td><td>Discrepancies between the amount written in figures and in words create disputes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Payee<\/td><td>To whom or to whose order the payment is to be made must be specified<\/td><td>Leaving the payee blank may lead to serious evidentiary and jurisdictional disputes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Maturity Date<\/td><td>The time of payment must be clear and unambiguous<\/td><td>Multiple or conflicting maturity clauses may jeopardize the negotiable instrument status<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Place of payment<\/td><td>Indicates where the instrument is payable<\/td><td>In case of omissions, statutory completion rules may apply<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Date of issuance<\/td><td>The date the promissory note was issued<\/td><td>Important with respect to maturity and statute of limitations<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Place of issue<\/td><td>The place where the promissory note was issued<\/td><td>In case of omission, the location next to the issuer's name may be taken into account<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Signature of the issuer<\/td><td>The signature of the person undertaking the debt<\/td><td>If there is no signature, the promissory note does not come into existence; a denial of signature is evaluated separately.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Kayitsiz_ve_Sartsiz_Odeme_Vaadi_Ne_Demektir\"><\/span>What Does an Unconditional Promise to Pay Mean?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The promise to pay contained in a promissory note must be clear, specific, and unconditional. For instance, clauses such as &#8220;payment shall be made upon delivery of goods&#8221; or &#8220;valid as long as the contract continues&#8221; may cause issues under negotiable instruments law as they tie the promise to pay to an external event.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conversely, the presence of expressions such as &#8220;for goods&#8221;, &#8220;for cash&#8221;, &#8220;as collateral&#8221; or similar statements on the instrument does not invalidate the promissory note in every case.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In the decision of the General Assembly of Civil Chambers of the Yarg\u0131tay numbered E. 2018\/92, K. 2021\/1610, T. 07.12.2021<\/a>, it has been accepted that the notation &#8220;received as collateral&#8221; on the instrument does not, by itself, eliminate its character as a promissory note, provided that the underlying legal relationship to which it refers is not specified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bedel_Nasil_Yazilmalidir\"><\/span>How Should the Amount Be Written?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the amount of the instrument is indicated both in figures and in words, there must be consistency between the two entries. It is permissible to determine the amount in Turkish Lira, foreign currency, or another currency; however, the currency and the amount must be written in a manner that leaves no room for ambiguity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the event of a discrepancy between the amount shown in figures and in words, special interpretation rules under negotiable instruments law may apply. Nevertheless, the safest method is to write the amount clearly and without erasure at once, without leaving any blank spaces that would allow subsequent additions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Subsequent additions, corrections, or strikethroughs made on the instrument may cause evidentiary issues regarding the date on which, the person by whom, and the agreement upon which the instrument was completed. In particular, signing a promissory note with a blank amount field is a risky practice that may entail severe consequences for the debtor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Lehtar_Kimdir\"><\/span>Who is the Payee (Lehtar)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The payee is the person to whom the instrument amount will be paid. The name or trade name of the payee must be specified on the promissory note. Leaving the payee blank may lead to claims that the instrument was completed later, disputes regarding authority, and ambiguity in the underlying debt relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For a natural person as a payee, the first and last name must be written clearly; for a legal entity as a payee, the trade name must be clearly stated. Issuing the instrument in favor of multiple persons or uncertainty regarding the payee information may require additional examination of the instrument text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Duzenleme_Tarihi_ve_Duzenleme_Yeri\"><\/span>Date of Issuance and Place of Issuance<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The date of issue is the date on which the promissory note is created. This date is significant in terms of the calculation of maturity, the capacity of the issuer, the statute of limitations, and allegations that the instrument was subsequently completed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The place of issuance is also among the mandatory elements that must be included in a promissory note. However,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pursuant to Article 777\/4 of the TTK,<\/a>&nbsp;a promissory note that does not indicate a place of issuance shall be deemed to have been issued at the place written alongside the issuer's name. This supplementary provision does not render every deficiency insignificant; all records within the instrument must be evaluated together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Imza_Neden_En_Kritik_Unsurdur\"><\/span>Why is the Signature the Most Critical Element?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Unless a promissory note bears the issuer's signature, it does not come into existence as a negotiable instrument. In the event that the signature does not belong to the issuer, is forged, or is affixed by an unauthorized person, distinct disputes may arise regarding both enforcement law and the underlying debt relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In cases of signature denial, it is crucial for the debtor to apply to the enforcement court without missing the statutory deadlines in the payment order served upon them. Signature examination is frequently conducted through expert witnesses; however, the text of the instrument, the position of the signature, correspondence between the parties, and prior documents may also play a role in the evaluation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Tediye_Tarihi_Vade_Nedir\"><\/span>What is the Payment Date (Maturity)?_<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The payment date refers to the date on which the instrument amount must be paid, in other words, the maturity date. Maturity is one of the essential elements in a promissory note, as it determines both when the creditor may demand payment and when the limitation periods arising from negotiable instruments law begin to run.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">With respect to promissory notes,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 703 of the TTK, applied via Article 778 of the TTK,<\/a>governs valid maturity forms. Accordingly, a promissory note may be:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>At sight,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At a fixed period after sight,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>At a fixed period from the date of issuance,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>On a specific date,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">it may be drawn payable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The most common method is to explicitly state a specific date. If no maturity date is indicated at all,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pursuant to Article 777\/2 of the TTK,<\/a>&nbsp;the promissory note is deemed payable at sight.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Conversely, the inclusion of expressions in the promissory note that may lead to the interpretation of two different dates as the maturity date can create serious risk. The issue date and the maturity date are distinct concepts. Writing the issue date also as the &#8220;payment date&#8221; or specifying different payment days in multiple places may give rise to disputes regarding the negotiable instrument status of the document.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In the ruling of the 12th Civil Chamber of the Yarg\u0131tay numbered E. 2024\/694, K. 2024\/2010, T. 04.03.2024,<\/a>, it was emphasized that the appearance of a dual maturity date is an issue that must be examined rigorously with regard to the validity of the promissory note.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">However, in the ruling of the General Assembly of Civil Chambers of the Yarg\u0131tay numbered E. 2024\/346, K. 2025\/59, T. 19.02.2025,<\/a>&nbsp;, it was accepted that different dates in the text of the note may not constitute a dual maturity date in every case, taking into account the appearance of the specific document, the issue date, and their positions within the text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For this reason, the payment date should be written in only one place, explicitly, and without being confused with the issue date.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Odeme_Yeri_Yazilmayan_Senet_Gecersiz_Olur_mu\"><\/span>Is a Promissory Note Without a Place of Payment Invalid?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The failure to indicate the place of payment at all does not mean that the promissory note is invalid in every case.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pursuant to Article 777\/3 of the TTK,<\/a>, unless otherwise specified in the promissory note, the place of issuance shall be deemed to be the place of payment and simultaneously the domicile of the issuer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In practice, this provision prevents the absence of a place of payment from resulting in automatic invalidity. However, if the place of issuance is also ambiguous or if the location information on the instrument contradicts itself, the legal assessment may become difficult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It is safer to explicitly state the place of payment when drafting the promissory note in terms of where the debt will be performed and minimizing potential objections regarding jurisdiction in enforcement proceedings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Yargitay_Ictihadi_%E2%80%93_Emsal_Kararlar\"><\/span>Supreme Court Case Law &#8211; Precedent Decisions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Ruling<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Dispute<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Conclusion Aspect<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Brief Rationale<\/th><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assembly of Civil Chambers of the Court of Cassation, E. 2018\/92, K. 2021\/1610, D. 07.12.2021<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>The effect of the &#8220;collateral&#8221; clause on the qualification of the promissory note<\/td><td>In Favor of the Creditor<\/td><td>If the relationship underlying the collateral is ambiguous, the clause alone does not eliminate the unconditional promise to pay<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">12th Civil Chamber of the Court of Cassation, E. 2024\/694, K. 2024\/2010, D. 04.03.2024<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Dual maturity appearance<\/td><td>Pending \/ Procedural Stage<\/td><td>The claim of dual maturity requires serious evaluation in terms of negotiability<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yarg\u0131tay HGK, E. 2024\/346, K. 2025\/59, T. 19.02.2025<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Whether different dates can be considered as dual maturity<\/td><td>In Favor of the Creditor<\/td><td>One of the dates on the subject promissory note was not accepted as a separate maturity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yarg\u0131tay 11. HD, E. 2021\/4112, K. 2022\/8251, T. 23.11.2022<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Want of consideration and the underlying relationship<\/td><td>In Favor of the Debtor<\/td><td>If the creditor explains and relies on the underlying relationship, they may assume the burden of proof for this fact<\/td><\/tr><tr><td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yarg\u0131tay 6. HD, E. 2022\/3737, K. 2024\/341, T. 23.01.2024<\/a><\/strong><\/td><td>Want of consideration in a promissory note bearing the notation &#8220;for goods received&#8221;<\/td><td>In Favor of the Creditor<\/td><td>The debtor, alleging the contrary of the &#8220;for goods received&#8221; entry on the note, failed to prove their claim with sufficient written evidence<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Delil_Degerlendirmesi_ve_Eslestirme\"><\/span>Evidence Assessment and Matching<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><tbody><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Evidence \/ Document<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Primary Fact Proved<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-left\" data-align=\"left\">Suggested Statement in the Article<\/th><\/tr><tr><td>Original Promissory Note<\/td><td>Text of the note, signature, maturity date, amount, payee, date of issuance<\/td><td>Keep the original promissory note securely; photocopies may not be sufficient in cases of claims of loss or subsequent alteration<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Written Agreement<\/td><td>The underlying debt relationship for which the promissory note was issued<\/td><td>The promissory note should, if possible, be executed together with the underlying agreement<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Bank Receipt<\/td><td>The execution of the payment, the creation or termination of the debt<\/td><td>Transactions through banks should be preferred over cash delivery<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Delivery and Receipt Protocol<\/td><td>Delivery of goods or services<\/td><td>Delivery documents are of particular importance in promissory notes issued for goods received (malen)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Invoice \/ Waybill<\/td><td>Commercial goods or services relationship<\/td><td>Invoices and waybills can support the record of goods received (malen) in the promissory note<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Receipt \/ Release Document<\/td><td>Partial or full payment<\/td><td>When payment is made, the promissory note must be retrieved; if not possible, a detailed receipt must be obtained<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Email, Messaging, Electronic Record<\/td><td>Underlying relationship and intent of the parties<\/td><td>Electronic correspondence may qualify as documentary evidence; however, limitations on proving claims against promissory notes shall be evaluated separately<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Signature Examination<\/td><td>Denial of signature<\/td><td>If the signature does not belong to you, an application must be made to the execution court within the statutory periods specified in the payment order.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Important Note:<\/strong>&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pursuant to HMK m. 199<\/a>&nbsp;written and electronic data may qualify as documents. However&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pursuant to HMK m. 200 and 201<\/a>, there are limitations on relying on witness evidence regarding legal transactions exceeding a certain monetary threshold and claims aimed at nullifying the effect of a promissory note. The widespread misconception that &#8220;everything can be proven by witness testimony&#8221; is explicitly incorrect.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Karsi_Tarafin_Muhtemel_Savunmalari_ve_Karsi_Stratejiler\"><\/span>Anticipated Defenses of the Opposing Party and Counter-Strategies<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CSenet_Teminat_Amaciyla_Verilmisti%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;The Promissory Note Was Given for Security Purposes&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This defense alone is not sufficient. It must be demonstrated through written documents for which contract, debt, or relationship the security was given; under what conditions it can be converted into cash; and whether the debt has arisen and been extinguished. If a security purpose exists, it is recommended that this be explicitly regulated in a separate agreement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CSenet_Bedelsiz_Kaldi%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;The Promissory Note Became Without Consideration&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The claim of lack of consideration is a significant defense raised against a promissory note. Claims that the note was given as an advance, the goods were not delivered, the service was not rendered, or the debt was subsequently paid must be supported by bank receipts, receipts, contracts, delivery documents, and correspondence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CSenet_Sonradan_Dolduruldu%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;The Promissory Note Was Filled Out Later&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Documents signed in blank or blank promissory note fields pose very high risks.&nbsp;<strong>A blank promissory note must not be signed; a signature should not be given without filling in the amount, payee, due date, date of issue, and place of issue.<\/strong>&nbsp;Even if the promissory note is subsequently filled out contrary to the agreement, serious disputes may arise in terms of proof and the protection of third parties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CVade_Yok_Bu_Nedenle_Senet_Gecersiz%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;No Due Date, Therefore the Promissory Note is Invalid&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This defense is not always correct.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">According to Article 777\/2 of the TTK<\/a>&nbsp;a promissory note that does not indicate a due date is deemed payable at sight. Conversely, writing the due date contrary to the law or in multiple ways may create a different problem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CSenette_Odeme_Yeri_Yok_Bono_Gecersiz%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;No Place of Payment on the Promissory Note, the Note is Invalid&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The absence of a place of payment does not always result in invalidity.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pursuant to Article 777\/3 of the TTK,<\/a>&nbsp;if there is no specification, the place of issue is deemed to be the place of payment and, at the same time, the domicile of the issuer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"%E2%80%9CDuzenleme_Yeri_Yok_Senet_Gecersiz%E2%80%9D\"><\/span>&#8220;No Place of Issue, the Promissory Note is Invalid&#8221;<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 777\/4 of the TTK<\/a>, accepts that a promissory note lacking a place of issuance shall be deemed to have been issued at the place written next to the issuer's name. However, for this supplementary provision to apply, the entries on the instrument must be evaluated concretely.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sik_Sorulan_Sorular\"><\/span>Frequently Asked Questions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Bos_senete_imza_atilip_sonradan_doldurulursa_ne_olur\"><\/span>What happens if a blank promissory note is signed and filled in later?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even if a promissory note signed in blank is subsequently filled in differently, it shall be processed according to its text against third parties who are unaware of this. If the debtor can prove with strong evidence that the note was subsequently filled in contrary to the agreement, they may have the right to claim compensation. This situation demonstrates how risky it is to sign in blank.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Senet_bedeli_rakamla_1000_TL_yaziyla_%E2%80%9Cbes_yuz_lira%E2%80%9D_yazili_ise_hangisi_gecerlidir\"><\/span>If the amount on a promissory note is written as 1,000 TL in figures and &#8220;five hundred liras&#8221; in words, which one prevails?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The general rule in negotiable instruments law is that the amount written in words shall prevail. However, depending on the specific circumstances, the court may determine the true intent of the parties by utilizing the text of the note, the circumstances of issuance, and the underlying relationship. This risk must be eliminated in advance by ensuring that the amounts written match.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Senetimde_%E2%80%9Cemre%E2%80%9D_yazisi_yoksa_gecerli_midir\"><\/span>Is my promissory note valid if it does not contain the word &#8220;to the order of&#8221; (emre)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Article 776 of the Turkish Commercial Code (TTK)<\/a>, mandates the presence of the expression &#8220;promissory note&#8221; or &#8220;note to order&#8221; in the text of the instrument. The complete absence of this expression may render the negotiable instrument status of the note questionable. Nevertheless, the note may still continue to be evaluated as a document evidencing the underlying debt relationship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Senet_geri_alinmamissa_odeme_yapilmis_sayilir_mi\"><\/span>Is a payment deemed to have been made if the promissory note is not retrieved?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Failure to retrieve the promissory note may create a strong presumption that payment has not been made. If payment is made in cash, obtaining a clear receipt or making a bank transfer is safer proof of payment. Upon payment, the promissory note must definitely be retrieved or a receipt must be obtained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Senette_birden_cok_lehtar_yaziliysa_ne_olur\"><\/span>What happens if multiple payees are written on a promissory note?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In a promissory note issued in favor of multiple persons, each party's rights and liabilities are evaluated in accordance with the text of the note, commercial practice, and the underlying relationship. This situation may give rise to complexities in disputes regarding promissory notes. Having a single and clear payee prevents disputes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Senetin_fotokopisi_gecerli_midir\"><\/span>Is a photocopy of a promissory note valid?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A photocopy may not constitute evidence as strong as the original promissory note. Particularly regarding the signature and the text of the note, the photocopy is compared against the original document. If the original note has been lost or destroyed, proof may be established by evaluating the photocopy and witness testimonies together, though this is more difficult.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Elektronik_olarak_duzenlenen_senet_gecerli_midir\"><\/span>Is an electronically issued promissory note valid?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The formal requirements specified in negotiable instruments laws are envisaged for traditional written documents. The use of electronic notes has varied across domestic laws and international trade practices. Nevertheless, to determine the legal nature of an electronic note, the method of creation and signature, statutory regulations, and court precedents must be evaluated together.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Senedin_temel_iliskisi_ortadan_kalkarsa_bono_da_ortadan_kalkar_mi\"><\/span>Does the promissory note cease to exist if the underlying relationship of the note is terminated?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No. Negotiable instruments law has adopted the principle of the independence of the note from its underlying relationship. However, if the debtor proves the invalidity of the note or the termination of the underlying relationship, they may assert their claims in court. The promissory note possesses legal value independent of the underlying relationship; however, the existence of the underlying relationship is significant in the debtor's defense.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Senet_odeme_kosulunu_tasiyorsa_gecerli_midir\"><\/span>Is a promissory note valid if it contains a condition of payment?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If a promissory note is subjected to a condition in the form of \"payment shall be made if this condition is fulfilled,\" it loses its character as a negotiable instrument or becomes questionable. Conversely, the existence of a condition in the underlying relationship of the note (e.g., \"upon delivery of the goods\") may not affect the validity of the note, provided that the text of the note is written unconditionally.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Yargitay_aciga_imza_atanlara_karsi_nasil_karar_vermistir\"><\/span>How has the Yarg\u0131tay ruled against those who sign in blank?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Court of Cassation Decisions<\/a>, has indicated that the person who signs in blank must assume the risk. Unless the debtor proves with substantial evidence that the note was subsequently filled out contrary to the agreement, the courts have based their decisions on the text of the note.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Sonuc\"><\/span>Conclusion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Drafting a promissory note, particularly as a bono (promissory note), is a transaction that appears simple but entails strict formal legal requirements.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mevzuat.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Turkish Commercial Code<\/a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.yargitay.gov.tr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Yarg\u0131tay jurisprudence<\/a>, clearly sets forth the matters to be considered when drafting a promissory note. The amount, payee, maturity date, issue date, place, and signature fields must be completed in a harmonious, clear, and complete manner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Signing a blank promissory note, subsequent corrections and erasures, contradictory dates, and ambiguous entries may lead to serious disputes in the future. Protecting the underlying contract while drafting the note, retrieving the original note upon payment, and retaining all necessary documents are crucial in preventing subsequent disputes. The ambiguity or conversational nature of the underlying relationship of the note, or even the fact that the note carries negotiable instruments law value independent of the underlying relationship, poses the risk of dragging the parties into evidentiary weakness and legal uncertainty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Hakkimiz_%E2%80%93_Iletisim_Bilgileri\"><\/span>About Us &#8211; Contact Information<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Av_Batin_YILMAZ\"><\/span>Atty. Bat\u0131n YILMAZ<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Bar Association Information:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Istanbul Bar Association No. 1:\u00a0<strong>77008<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Union of Turkish Bar Associations:\u00a0<strong>187392<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Address:<\/strong><br>Yakuplu Mahallesi, H\u00fcrriyet Bulvar\u0131 Skyport Residence Kat:12 No:133<br>Beylikd\u00fcz\u00fc, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Contact:<\/strong><br>\ud83d\udcde&nbsp;<strong>Telephone:<\/strong>&nbsp;0 532 669 34 90<br>\ud83d\udcde&nbsp;<strong>Alternative Phone:<\/strong>&nbsp;0 532 732 34 90<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Senet Nedir? Senet Nas\u0131l D\u00fczenlenir? Bono D\u00fczenleme Rehberi Senet, en geni\u015f anlam\u0131yla bir borcun, \u00f6demenin, teslimin veya hukuki i\u015flemin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ispatlamaya yarayan yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgedir. G\u00fcnl\u00fck hayatta &#8220;senet&#8221; denildi\u011finde ise \u00e7o\u011fu kez bono, di\u011fer ad\u0131yla emre yaz\u0131l\u0131 senet, anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Bono; d\u00fczenleyenin, belirli bir ki\u015fiye veya emrine, kay\u0131ts\u0131z ve \u015farts\u0131z \u015fekilde belirli bir bedeli \u00f6deme vaadini i\u00e7eren [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2210,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[160],"tags":[194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203],"class_list":["post-1130","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-is-hukuku","tag-hukuk-makaleleri","tag-icra-takibi","tag-imza-zorunlulugu","tag-kambiyo-senetleri","tag-senet-duzenleme","tag-senet-nedir","tag-senet-ornegi","tag-senet-zamanasimi","tag-tediye-tarihi","tag-turk-ticaret-kanunu"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1130","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1130"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1130\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3135,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1130\/revisions\/3135"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2210"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1130"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1130"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/batinyilmaz.av.tr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1130"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}